Monday, 30 December 2013
NFC technology
Near field communication (NFC) is a set of standards for smartphones and similar devices to establish radio communication with each other by touching them together or bringing them into proximity, usually no more than a few inches.
Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi.[1] Communication is also possible between an NFC device and an unpowered NFC chip, called a "tag".[2]
NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa.[3] The standards include ISO/IEC 18092[4] and those defined by the NFC Forum, which was founded in 2004 by Nokia, Philips Semiconductors (became NXP Semiconductors since 2006) and Sony, and now has more than 160 members.
The Forum also promotes NFC and certifies device compliance[5] and if it fits the criteria for being considered a personal area network.[citation needed]
Uses
NFC builds upon RFID systems by allowing two-way communication between endpoints, where earlier systems such as contactless smart cards were one-way only. It has been used in devices such as Google Nexus, powered with Ice Cream Sandwich, named with a feature called "Android Beam" which was first introduced in Google Nexus.
Android Beam uses NFC to enable Bluetooth on both devices, instantly pair them, and disable Bluetooth once complete automatically on both devices. This only works between Android devices version Jelly Bean and above. It has also been used in Sony Xperia Z1. with the feature named as S-Beam. It is an extension of Android Beam, it uses the power of NFC (to share MAC Address and IP addresses) and then uses WiFi Direct to share files and documents. The advantage of using WiFi Direct overBluetooth is that it is much faster than Bluetooth, having a speed of 300Mbit/s for sharing large files. [6] Since unpowered NFC "tags" can also be read by NFC devices,[2]it is also capable of replacing earlier one-way applications.
Commerce
NFC devices can be used in contactless payment systems, similar to those currently used in credit cards and electronic ticket smartcards, and allow mobile payment to replace or supplement these systems.
For example, Google Wallet allows consumers to store credit card and store loyalty card information in a virtual wallet and then use an NFC-enabled device at terminals that also accept MasterCard PayPass transactions.[7] Germany,[8] Austria,[9] Finland,[10] New Zealand,[11] Italy,[12] Iran and Turkey,[13] have trialed NFC ticketing systems for public transport. Vilnius fully replaced paper tickets for public transportation with ISO/IEC 14443 Type A cards on July 1, 2013.[14]
NFC stickers based payments in Australia’s Bankmecu and card issuer Cuscal have completed an NFC payment sticker trial, enabling consumers to make contactless payments at Visa payWave terminals using a smart sticker stuck to their phone. Bankmecu now plans to further test the service before launching it to its wider cardholder base in the next few months.
India is implementing NFC based transactions in box offices for ticketing purposes.[15]
A partnership of Google and Equity Bank in Kenya has introduced NFC payment systems for public transport in the Capital city Nairobi under the branding "Beba Pay"
With the release of Android 4.4, Google introduced a new platform support for secure NFC-based transactions through Host Card Emulation (HCE),[16] for payments, loyalty programs, card access, transit passes, and other custom services.[17] With HCE, any app on an Android 4.4 device can emulate an NFC smart card, letting users tap to initiate transactions with an app of their choice. Apps can also use a new Reader Mode so as to act as readers for HCE cards and other NFC-based transactions. Read More
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connections
NFC offers a low-speed connection with extremely simple setup, and can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections.[18]
For example, the Android Beam software uses NFC to complete the steps of enabling, pairing and establishing a Bluetooth connection when doing a file transfer.[19] Nokia, Samsung, BlackBerry and Sony[20] have used NFC technology to pair Bluetooth headsets, media players, and speakers with one tap in its NFC-enabled devices.[citation needed] The same principle can be applied to the configuration of Wi-Fi networks.
Social networking
NFC can be used in social networking situations, such as sharing contacts, photos, videos or files,[21] and entering multiplayer mobile games.[22] In the field of social networking NFC is very useful to exchange contacts and other files.
Identity and access tokens
The NFC Forum promotes the potential for NFC-enabled devices to act as electronic identity documents and keycards.[18] As NFC has a short range and supports encryption, it may be more suitable than earlier, less private RFID systems.
Smartphone automation and NFC tags
Smartphones equipped with NFC can be paired with NFC Tags or stickers which can be programmed by NFC apps to automate tasks. These programs can allow for a change of phone settings, a text to be created and sent, an app to be launched, or any number of commands to be executed, limited only by the NFC app and other apps on the smartphone.
These applications are perhaps the most practical current uses for NFC since it does not rely on a company or manufacturer but can be utilized immediately by anyone anywhere with an NFC-equipped smartphone and an NFC tag.[23]
History
NFC traces its roots back to radio-frequency identification, or RFID. RFID allows a reader to send radio waves to a passive electronic tag for identification, authentication and tracking.
- 1983 The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton.[24]
- 2002 Sony and Philips agreed on establishing a new technology specification and created a technical outline on March 25, 2002.[25]
- 2004 Nokia, Philips and Sony established the Near Field Communication (NFC) Forum[26]
- 2006 Initial specifications for NFC Tags[27]
- 2006 Specification for "SmartPoster" records[28]
- 2006 Nokia 6131 was the first NFC phone[29]
- 2009 In January, NFC Forum released Peer-to-Peer standards to transfer contact, URL, initiate Bluetooth, etc.[30]
- 2010 Samsung Nexus S: First Android NFC phone shown[31][32]
- 2010 The city of Nice in Southern France launches the "Nice City of contactless mobile" project, providing inhabitants with new NFC generation mobile phones and bank cards, and a real "bouquet of services" for their daily lives covering transportation, tourism and student's services
- 2011 Tapit Media launches in Sydney Australia as the first specialized NFC marketing company
- 2011 Google I/O "How to NFC" demonstrates NFC to initiate a game and to share a contact, URL, app, video, etc.[21]
- 2011 NFC support becomes part of the Symbian mobile operating system with the release of Symbian Anna version.[33]
- 2011 Research In Motion is the first company for its devices to be certified by MasterCard Worldwide, the functionality of PayPass[34]
- 2012 March. EAT., a well-known UK restaurant chain, and Everything Everywhere (Orange Mobile Network Operator), partner on the UK's first nationwide NFC-enabled smartposter campaign, led by René Batsford, head of ICT for EAT., also known for deploying the UK's first nationwide contactless payment solution in 2008. A specially created mobile phone app is triggered when the NFC enabled mobile phone comes into contact with the smartposter.[35]
- 2012 Sony introduces the "Smart Tags", which use NFC technology to change modes and profiles on a Sony smartphone at close range, included in the package of (and "perfectly paired" with) the Sony Xperia P Smartphone released the same year.[36]
- 2012 Samsung introduces TecTile;[37] a set of MIFARE NFC stickers and a companion application for Android to read and write the TecTile stickers, and design macros that can be triggered by them.
- 2013 Samsung and Visa announce major partnership to develop mobile payments. Read article
- 2013 IBM Scientists from Zurich, in an effort to curb fraud and security breaches have come up with a new mobile authentication security technology based on Near-Field Communication (NFC).IBM’s new technology works on similar principles to that of a dual-factor authentication security measure.
Essential specifications
| Computer network types by spatial scope |
|---|
NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a distance of 10 cm or less. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at rates ranging from 106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s. NFC always involves an initiator and a target; the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a passive target. This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards that do not require batteries. NFC peer-to-peer communication is possible, provided both devices are powered.[6] A patent licensing program for NFC is currently under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of Dolby Laboratories. A public, platform-independent NFC library is released under the free GNU Lesser General Public License by the name libnfc.[38]
NFC tags contain data and are typically read-only, but may be rewriteable. They can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use the specifications provided by the NFC Forum, an industry association charged with promoting the technology and setting key standards. The tags can securely store personal data such as debit and credit card information, loyalty program data, PINs and networking contacts, among other information. The NFC Forum defines four types of tags that provide different communication speeds and capabilities in terms of configurability, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. Tags currently offer between 96 and 4,096 bytes of memory.
- As with proximity card technology, near-field communication uses magnetic induction between two loop antennas located within each other's near field, effectively forming an air-core transformer. It operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz. Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the allowed ±7 kHz bandwidth range, but the full spectral envelope may be as wide as 1.8 MHz when using ASK modulation.
- Theoretical working distance with compact standard antennas: up to 20 cm (practical working distance of about 4 cm)
- Supported data rates: 106, 212 or 424 kbit/s (the bit rate 848 kbit/s is not compliant with the standard ISO/IEC 18092)
- There are two modes:
- Passive communication mode: The initiator device provides a carrier field and the target device answers by modulating the existing field. In this mode, the target device may draw its operating power from the initiator-provided electromagnetic field, thus making the target device a transponder.
- Active communication mode: Both initiator and target device communicate by alternately generating their own fields. A device deactivates its RF field while it is waiting for data. In this mode, both devices typically have power supplies.
| Speed | Active device | Passive device |
|---|---|---|
| 424 kbit/s | Man, 10% ASK | Man, 10% ASK |
| 212 kbit/s | Man, 10% ASK | Man, 10% ASK |
| 106 kbit/s | Modified Miller, 100% ASK | Man, 10% ASK |
- NFC employs two different codings to transfer data. If an active device transfers data at 106 kbit/s, a modified Miller coding with 100% modulation is used. In all other cases Manchester codingis used with a modulation ratio of 10%.
- NFC devices are able to receive and transmit data at the same time. Thus, they can check for potential collisions, if the received signal frequency does not match with the transmitted signal's frequency.
Comparison with Bluetooth
| Aspect | NFC | Bluetooth | Bluetooth Low Energy |
|---|---|---|---|
| RFID compatible | ISO 18000-3 | active | active |
| Standardisation body | ISO/IEC | Bluetooth SIG | Bluetooth SIG |
| Network Standard | ISO 13157 etc. | IEEE 802.15.1 | IEEE 802.15.1 |
| Network Type | Point-to-point | WPAN | WPAN |
| Cryptography | not with RFID | available | available |
| Range | < 0.2 m | ~100 m (class 1) | ~50 m |
| Frequency | 13.56 MHz | 2.4–2.5 GHz | 2.4–2.5 GHz |
| Bit rate | 424 kbit/s | 2.1 Mbit/s | 25 Mbit/s |
| Set-up time | < 0.1 s | < 6 s | < 0.006 s |
| Power consumption | < 15mA (read) | varies with class | < 15 mA (read and transmit) |
NFC and Bluetooth are both short-range communication technologies that are integrated into mobile phones. As described in technical detail above, NFC operates at slower speeds than Bluetooth, but consumes far less power and doesn't require pairing.
NFC sets up more quickly than standard Bluetooth, but has a lower transfer rate than Bluetooth low energy. With NFC, instead of performing manual configurations to identify devices, the connection between two NFC devices is automatically established quickly: in less than a tenth of a second. The maximum data transfer rate of NFC (424 kbit/s) is slower than that of Bluetooth V2.1 (2.1 Mbit/s).
With a maximum working distance of less than 20 cm, NFC has a shorter range, which reduces the likelihood of unwanted interception. That makes NFC particularly suitable for crowded areas where correlating a signal with its transmitting physical device (and by extension, its user) becomes difficult.[citation needed]
In contrast to Bluetooth, NFC is compatible with existing passive RFID (13.56 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-3) infrastructures. NFC requires comparatively low power, similar to the Bluetooth V4.0 low energy protocol. When NFC works with an unpowered device (e.g., on a phone that may be turned off, a contactless smart credit card, a smart poster), however, the NFC power consumption is greater than that of Bluetooth V4.0 Low Energy, since illuminating the passive tag needs extra power.[41]
Standardization bodies and industry projects
Standards
NFC is an open platform technology standardized in ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092. These standards specify the modulation schemes, coding, transfer speeds and frame format of the RF interface of NFC devices, as well as initialization schemes and conditions required for data collision-control during initialization for both passive and active NFC modes. Furthermore, they also define the transport protocol, including protocol activation and data-exchange methods. The air interface for NFC is standardized in:
- ISO/IEC 18092 / ECMA-340
- Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol-1 (NFCIP-1)[42]
- ISO/IEC 21481 / ECMA-352
- Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol-2 (NFCIP-2)[43]
NFC incorporates a variety of existing standards including ISO/IEC 14443 both Type A and Type B, and FeliCa. NFC enabled phones work basically, at least, with existing readers. Especially in "card emulation mode" a NFC device should transmit, at a minimum, a unique ID number to an existing reader.
In addition, the NFC Forum has defined a common data format called NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF), which can store and transport various kinds of items, ranging from any MIME-typed object to ultra-short RTD-documents,[44] such as URLs.
The NFC Forum added the Simple NDEF Exchange Protocol to the spec that allows sending and receiving messages between two NFC-enabled devices.[45]
GSMA
The GSM Association (GSMA) is the global trade association representing nearly 800 mobile phone operators and more than 200 product and service companies across 219 countries. Many of its members have led NFC trials around the World and are now preparing services for commercial launch.[46]
GSM is involved with several initiatives:
- Standard setting: GSMA is developing certification and testing standards to ensure the global interoperability of NFC services.[46]
- The Pay-Buy-Mobile initiative seeks to define a common global approach to using Near Field Communications (NFC) technology to link mobile devices with payment and contactless systems.[47][48]
- On November 17, 2010, after two years of discussions, AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile launched a joint venture intended to develop a single platform on which technology based on the Near Field Communication (NFC) specifications can be used by their customers to make mobile payments. The new venture, known as ISIS, is designed to usher in the broad deployment of NFC technology, allowing NFC-enabled cell phones to function similarly to credit cards for the 200 million customers using cell phone service provided by any of the three carriers throughout the United States.
StoLPaN
StoLPaN ('Store Logistics and Payment with NFC') is a pan-European consortium supported by the European Commission's Information Society Technologies program. StoLPaN will examine the as yet untapped potential for the new kind of local wireless interface, NFC and mobile communication.
NFC Forum
The NFC Forum is a non-profit industry association formed on March 18, 2004, by NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to advance the use of NFC short-range wireless interaction in consumer electronics, mobile devices and PCs. The NFC Forum promotes implementation and standardization of NFC technology to ensure interoperability between devices and services. As of June 2013, the NFC Forum had over 190 member companies.[49]
Alternative form factors
To realize the benefits of NFC in cellphones not yet equipped with built in NFC chips a new line of complementary devices were created. MicroSD and UICC SIM cards were developed to incorporate industry standard contactless smartcard chips with ISO14443 interface, with or without built-in antenna. The microSD and SIM form factors with built-in antenna have the great potential as bridge devices to shorten the time to market of contactless payment and couponing applications, while the built in NFC controllers gain enough market share.
Other standardization bodies
Other standardization bodies that are involved in NFC include:
- ETSI / SCP (Smart Card Platform) to specify the interface between the SIM card and the NFC chipset.
- GlobalPlatform to specify a multi-application architecture of the secure element.
- EMVCo for the impacts on the EMV payment applications
Community and open source projects
A growing number of online communities and open source projects contribute to the growth of NFC. Projects range from full NFC stacks to NFC message composition and platform-specific tools.
Security aspects
Although the communication range of NFC is limited to a few centimeters, NFC alone does not ensure secure communications. In 2006, Ernst Haselsteiner and Klemens Breitfuß described different possible types of attacks, and detail how to leverage NFC's resistance to man-in-the-middle attacks to establish a specific key.,[50] Unfortunately, as this technique is not part of the ISO standard, NFC offers no protection against eavesdropping and can be vulnerable to data modifications. Applications may use higher-layer cryptographic protocols (e.g., SSL) to establish a secure channel.
Eavesdropping
The RF signal for the wireless data transfer can be picked up with antennas. The distance from which an attacker is able to eavesdrop the RF signal depends on numerous parameters, but is typically a small number of metres.[51] Also, eavesdropping is highly affected by the communication mode. A passive device that doesn't generate its own RF field is much harder to eavesdrop on than an active device. An attacker can typically eavesdrop within 10m and 1m for active devices and passive devices, respectively.[50] With the use of a patch loop antenna it is possible to place a receiver close to the target and disguise it. This is much like ATM skimming in that it needs to be near the location however in this case no contact with the device or reader is required.
Data modification
It is easy to destroy data by using a jammer. There is no way currently to prevent such an attack. However, if NFC devices check the RF field while they are sending, it is possible to detect attacks.
It is much more difficult to modify data in such a way that it appears to be valid to users. To modify transmitted data, an intruder has to deal with the single bits of the RF signal. The feasibility of this attack, (i.e., if it is possible to change the value of a bit from 0 to 1 or the other way around), is amongst others subject to the strength of the amplitude modulation. If data is transferred with the modified Miller coding and a modulation of 100%, only certain bits can be modified. A modulation ratio of 100% makes it possible to eliminate a pause of the RF signal, but not to generate a pause where no pause has been. Thus, only a
1 that is followed by another 1 might be changed. Transmitting Manchester-encoded data with a modulation ratio of 10% permits a modification attack on all bits.Relay attack[edit]
Because NFC devices usually include ISO/IEC 14443 protocols, the relay attacks described are also feasible on NFC.[52][53] For this attack the adversary has to forward the request of the reader to the victim and relay back its answer to the reader in real time, in order to carry out a task pretending to be the owner of the victim's smart card. This is similar to a man-in-the-middle attack. For more information see a survey of practical relay attack concepts.[54] One of libnfc code examples demonstrates a relay attack using only two stock commercial NFC devices. It has also been shown that this attack can be practically implemented using only two NFC-enabled mobile phones.[55]
Lost property[edit]
Losing the NFC RFID card or the mobile phone will open access to any finder and act as a single-factor authenticating entity. Mobile phones protected by a PIN code acts as a single authenticating factor. A way to defeat the lost-property threat requires an extended security concept that includes more than one physically independent authentication factor.
Walk-off[edit]
Lawfully opened access to a secure NFC function or data is protected by time-out closing after a period of inactivity.[citation needed][original research?] Attacks may happen despite provisions to shut down access to NFC after the bearer has become inactive. The known concepts described primarily do not address the geometric distance of a fraudulent attacker using a lost communication entity against lawful access from the actual location of the registered bearer. Additional features to cover such an attack scenario dynamically shall make use of a second wireless authentication factor that remains with the bearer in case of the lost NFC communicator. Relevant approaches are described as an electronic leash or its equivalent, a wireless key.
NFC-enabled handsets[edit]
Main article: List of NFC-enabled mobile devices
In 2011, handset vendors released more than 40 NFC-enabled handsets.[citation needed] Notably absent among them was Apple with its iPhone; version 6 of its iOS mobile operating system does not support NFC. According to a Wall Street Journal article, today's Apple prefers not to be in a first mover position.[56] Google, on the other hand, includes NFC functionality in their Androidmobile operating system and provides an NFC payment service, Google Wallet. Due to an inability for Google reach an agreement with AT&T, T-Mobile and Verizon, Google Wallet is only officially supported on NFC equipped mobile devices on the Sprint Network (the three named carriers not supporting Google Wallet have instead adopted ISIS Mobile Wallet which has been met with average to mostly negative consumer reviews). BlackBerry devices have also supported NFC using BlackBerry Tag on a number of devices running BlackBerry OS 7.0 and greater.[57] Mastercardhas added further NFC support for PayPass for the Android and BlackBerry platforms, enabling PayPass users to make payments using their Android or BlackBerry smartphones[58] in addition to a partnerhsip between Samsung and Visa to include a 'paywave' application on the Galaxy S4 smartphone.[59] Microsoft added native NFC functionality in their mobile OS with Windows Phone 8, as well as the Windows 8 operating system. Microsoft provides the "Wallet hub" in Windows Phone 8 for NFC payment, and can integrate multiple NFC payment services within a single application.[60]
Deployments[edit]
Main article: List of applications of near field communication
As of April 2011, several hundred NFC trials have been conducted. Some firms have moved to full-scale service deployments, spanning either a single country or multiple countries. Multi-country deployments include Orange's rollout of NFC technology to banks, retailers, transport, and service providers in multiple European countries,[61] and Airtel Africa and Oberthur Technologiesdeploying to 15 countries throughout Africa.[62]
- China telecom (China’s 3rd largest mobile operator) made its NFC rollout in November 2013. The company has signed up nearly 12 banks to make their payment apps available on its SIM Cards. China telecom stated that the wallet would also support coupons, membership cards, fuel cards and boarding passes. The company wishes to achieve targets of rolling out 40 NFC phone models and 30 Mn NFC SIMs by 2014.[63]
- Isis Wallet, a joint venture from Verizon Wireless, AT&T and T-Mobile, focuses on in-store payments making use of NFC technology. After doing pilots in some regions, they launched across the US recently.[63]
- Vodafone recently announced the launch of an NFC based mobile payment service in Spain. The Vodafone SmartPass service has been developed in partnership with Visa. It enables consumers with an NFC enabled mobile device to make contactless payments via their SmartPass credit balance at any POS.
- OTI, an Israeli company that designs and develops contactless microprocessor based smart card technology, recently signed a major contract to supply NFC-readers to one of its channel partners in the U.S. According to the terms of the agreement, the partner is required to buy $10 Mn worth of OTI NFC readers over 3 years.
- Rogers Communications announced on 7 November that it is launching a new virtual wallet Suretap that works on NFC technology to enable users to make payments with their phone. Rogers now struck a deal with MasterCard that allows users of Suretap to load up gift cards and pre-paid MasterCards from national retailers. The Suretap wallet is set to be released during the next few weeks and is touted to be the 1st of its kind offered by a wireless carrier in Canada.[64]
- Samsung recently sponsored a series of live gigs. Whats interesting is that the fans attending the concert were making use of NFC technology at the arena to make purchases and store tickets with their smartphones. Samsung says that its Smart Ticket brings technology to the forefront of music and brings the fans closer to their artists. Read More
- Sri Lanka’s first workforce smartcard, packs NFC touch hi-tech power. As described by MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY & COMMERCE, SRI LANKA The first ever smart card for a Sri Lankan workforce is fitted with no less than NFC touch technology.
- As of December 13th, 2013 Tim Hortons TimmyME BlackBerry 10 Application allows users to link their existing prepaid Tim Card to the app, allowing payment by tapping the NFC enabled device to a standard contactless terminal. An Android version of the application is expected in January 2014.[65]
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